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The Kalām cosmological argument (sometimes capitalized as Kalam Cosmological Argument; abbreviated KCA) is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God rooted in the Ilm al-Kalam heritage in medieval Islamic scholasticism. An outspoken defender of the argument is William Lane Craig, who first defended it in his book ''The Kalām Cosmological Argument'' in 1979. Since then the Kalam cosmological argument has elicited public debate between Craig and Graham Oppy, Adolf Grünbaum, J. L. Mackie and Quentin Smith, and has been used in Christian apologetics.〔see Graham Smith, “Arguing about the Kalam Cosmological Argument,” Philo, 5(1), 2002: 34–61. See also Bruce Reichenbach, (Cosmological Argument ) in ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (first published Tue Jul 13, 2004; substantive revision Fri Oct 26, 2012)〕 According to Michael Martin, Craig's revised argument is "among the most sophisticated and well argued in contemporary theological philosophy", along with versions of the cosmological argument presented by Bruce Reichenbach and Richard Swinburne. In defending the argument, Craig has argued against the possibility of the existence of actual infinities, tracing the idea to 11th-century philosopher Al-Ghazali. He named this variant of cosmological argument the ''Kalam'' cosmological argument, from ''Ilm al-Kalām'' "science of discourse", the Arabic term for the discipline of philosophical theology in Islam. ==Form of the argument== Craig states the Kalam cosmological argument as a brief syllogism, most commonly rendered as follows:〔Craig, Moreland 2009:102〕 #Everything that begins to exist has a cause; #The universe began to exist; #:''Therefore'': #The universe has a cause. From the conclusion of the initial syllogism, he appends a further premise and conclusion based upon ontological analysis of the properties of the cause:〔Craig, Moreland 2009:194〕 #The universe has a cause; #If the universe has a cause, then an uncaused, personal Creator of the universe exists, who ''sans'' the universe is beginningless, changeless, immaterial, timeless, spaceless and enormously powerful; #:''Therefore'': #An uncaused, personal Creator of the universe exists, who ''sans'' the universe is beginningless, changeless, immaterial, timeless, spaceless and enormously powerful. Referring to the implications of Classical Theism that follow from this argument, Craig writes: :"... transcending the entire universe there exists a cause which brought the universe into being ''ex nihilo'' ... our whole universe was caused to exist by something beyond it and greater than it. For it is no secret that one of the most important conceptions of what theists mean by 'God' is Creator of heaven and earth."〔Craig, 2000; p 149〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kalam cosmological argument」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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